Infants in group care: their interactions with professional caregivers and parents across the second year of life.

Seventy children were observed during structured play with their primary professional caregivers and three peers in the child care center and with their primary caregiving parents at home at 15 and 23 months of age. The same structured play tasks were used in the two settings and the quality of the children's interactions with caregivers and parents was rated using the same 7-point scales. As expected, the quality of caregiver-child interactions significantly increased between 15 and 23 months. At 15 months, the quality of caregiver-child interactions was significantly lower than the quality of parent-child interactions, particularly with regard to caregiver supportive presence and respect for the child's autonomy. At 23 months, however, the quality of caregiver-child interactions was no longer lower and in some respects even higher than the quality of parent-child interactions. At both ages, the children expressed more negativity towards their parents than towards their professional caregivers.